Private equity (PE) seems to be the holy grail for many MBA candidates and students—or so they think. Many candidates I talk to are interested in PE or venture capital (VC), but they don’t have a real grasp of what that means. Investing in early-stage companies and making a lot of money, right? Maybe.
PE and its sibling, VC, are not new financial concepts; they have been around since the beginning of time, before the advent of modern stock markets. For centuries, individuals and businesses have needed funding to start and build their ventures. Over time, this has evolved into an important segment of the finance world. Both VC and PE are critical to the startup ecosystem and the economy overall, fostering innovation—which, in turn, creates jobs and leads to economic growth.
The terms “PE” and “VC” are often used interchangeably, but there are subtle differences. In a nutshell, both terms describe firms that raise funds from limited partners/investors and invest in privately owned companies—with the goal of increasing their value—and then sell their shares or the company. These firms differ with regard to when they get involved in a company’s life cycle, the types of companies they invest in, the amount of capital they invest, and the amount of equity they get for their investment.
If you are hoping to pivot into this field, you’d better dig deeper and have a solid idea of what you think you want to do BEFORE you start working on your MBA applications. Here’s a quick and general primer on PE/VC to give you a basic understanding of this field:
Private Equity
Private equity is an investment made in a company that has only a limited number of shareholders and about which information is not public. Generally, private equity investors take a majority or controlling stake in more mature businesses that are often in distress. Alternatively, private equity investors can purchase enough shares of a publicly traded company to gain control of the entity with the intention of taking the firm private and delisting it from a public stock exchange. Firms in the PE space include The Carlyle Group, CVC Capital Partners, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR), and Blackstone.
Venture Capital
Venture capital is a form of PE; some consider it to be a stage of PE, while others see it as a slightly different industry segment. VC investors generally fund early-stage companies with good growth potential, and they provide guidance and mentorship in exchange for a minority stake in the company. These are often riskier investments, as the financing is given to unproven companies with potential to generate high growth and hence high returns. Examples of VC firms include Sequoia Capital, Greylock Partners, and Kleiner Perkins.
Working in PE/VC usually requires long hours, and the pay can vary. Payouts for partners can be huge if they made good investments, but the time to payout can be long, and a few duds in the portfolio can cut into profits. It is challenging to get a job in private equity and venture capital, even if you graduate from a top-ranked MBA program. Most grads who go directly into VC or PE worked in the industry before business school. Even having a pre-MBA career in investment banking does not guarantee that you will land a VC spot post-MBA. If you really are interested in PE/VC, take the time to educate yourself now about the asset class.
Now that you have a general understanding, let’s look at the sector specialization and geographic focus of PE/VC firms.
Geographic Focus
Some PE and VC firms manage programs focused on specific regions around the globe. For example, Helios Investment Partners invests exclusively in Africa, Accel invests heavily in India, while Oaktree Capital Management and Silver Lake have opened offices across Asia. MBA students with a solid understanding of a certain area or country—who speak the language and understand the culture—could be a good fit for this type of firm.
Sector Specialization
Certain firms focus on industry sectors where they have substantial knowledge. For example, Bain has Bain Capital Life Sciences and Bain Capital Real Estate, among other groups. If you have a solid background—either academic or professional—in a specific industry, you may be an asset for PE/VC firms looking for certain expertise.
As if all this wasn’t enough, PE/VC firms also focus on investing in companies at different stages. As you now know, there are different types of private equity. Additionally, there are also different stages of PE investments at all phases of a company’s life cycle, from inception to near shutdown.
Pre-Seed or Family/Friends Funding, and Seed or Angel Funding
I group these two early stages together because they are similar. There generally aren’t any jobs here, but it is good to be aware of them. The term “pre-seed” refers to a very early financing stage when entrepreneurs often use their credit cards or cash from friends and family to get started. Later, they use seed or angel funding to grow their business and, at the very least, gain proof of concept.
Growth Equity
Here is where you really need to start paying closer attention: growth equity firms. When applicants say they want to go into PE, they generally mean a growth equity shop. Growth equity investors fund companies that have revenue but need more cash to continue to grow or to overcome hurdles. Summit Partners, Bain Capital, and The Carlyle Group fall into this category. Although you might not land an offer at one of these firms directly upon graduation, you could be a compelling candidate after spending a few years in the workforce.
Mezzanine
Firms use mezzanine funds to make less risky investments in established companies that are poised to go public so investors can cash out relatively quickly. These funds also can be used by private investors to buy up all the shares of a public company and take the company private. X Corp. (formerly known as Twitter), Hilton Worldwide Holdings, and H.J. Heinz are a few famous examples of companies that have been taken private by investor groups.
Vulture Capital
Like their namesake raptors, vulture capitalists are predatory in nature. They acquire distressed companies at bargain prices and work to quickly turn them around for a profit. If they aren’t successful, they may strip the companies of their assets to recoup at least some of their investment.
I hope the details provided in this post have helped you sort out the different types of PE/VC so you can identify which interests you and why you’d like to land a job in a particular one. As with many things, when it comes to applying to business school, specificity equals credibility. Give yourself a leg up in the process by understanding the PE/VC landscape so you can share detailed career plans when writing your admissions essays or attending interviews. Although PE/VC is a tough field to crack post-MBA, someone will get a job there—and it might as well be YOU!
For more guidance on your MBA journey, book a free consultation with a Stratus admissions professional today!